黑客帝国先知家房门写的什么英文(黑客帝国先知房门的字)
一
我们在临床中使用的医学词汇，多数来自于西方医学。虽然英国通过发展殖民地，将英文推广成为国际通用语言，但不是所有的简写都是来自于英文，相当一部分来自拉丁文、希腊文。与之类似的还有物理学、化学中的缩写和符号。
拉丁文是二千多年前居住在亚平宁半岛罗马地区拉丁民族的语言，后来这个民族征服了欧洲大部分地区和中东一部分，建立了罗马帝国，拉丁语就成为整个罗马帝国的官方语言。
随着历史的发展和推进罗马帝国解体了，形成了很多独立国家，这些各自独立的国家在拉丁文基础上结合本地区的方言又组成了各国自己的语言，如法国、意大利、西班牙、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚等国的语言有很多近似之处，常称拉丁语系，就是这个原因。
拉丁语原本是意大利中部拉提姆地方（Latium，意大利语为Lazio）的方言，后来则因为发源于此地的罗马帝国势力扩张而将拉丁语广泛流传于帝国境内，并定拉丁文为官方语言。而基督教普遍流传于欧洲后，拉丁语更加深其影响力，从欧洲中世纪至20世纪初叶的罗马天主教为公用语，学术上论文也大多数由拉丁语写成。
现在虽然只有梵蒂冈尚在使用拉丁语，但是一些学术的词汇或文章例如生物分类法的命名规则等尚使用拉丁语。
在一些文学巨匠的手里，拉丁语被证明在表现精确性、逻辑和庄重等方面为其他语言所不及。尽管在中世纪以后，拉丁语已不在欧洲通用，但它却是法语、意大利语、西班牙语等主要欧洲语言的基础。希腊语是印欧语系中保存下来的最古的语种，它与拉丁语关系十分亲近。
二
医学词汇严重依赖希腊语和拉丁语，相当一部分医学词汇在拼写上甚至都无任何变动。
古希腊语有一些特征：它的词汇可以由词素来构成；通过一个词形式的变化，可表达各种不同的语法概念。据说一个古希腊语的动词有500多个形式，每一形式变化都表示时间、方式等方面的变化。
欧洲医学里的解刨学词汇，药理词汇等等都是拉丁语，所以医学生要选修拉丁语的，事实上，普遍欧洲的学生在高中时就修过拉丁语。
来自拉丁语的医学词汇相当多。许多表示人体部位的词，如cerebrum(大脑)，pelvis(骨盆)，cornea(角膜)，humerus(肱骨)，表示细微解剖部位的词，如ala(翼)，plexus(丛)，plica(皱襞)，fossa(窝)I表示功能，状态的rigor(寒战)，stupor(昏迷)，nausea(恶心)，tonus(紧张)等就直接来自拉丁语。
据统计，约有1000个左右的拉丁语医学词已成为医学英语词汇的一部分，而以变化词尾等方式受英语同化的拉丁语词就更多，如；inflammation(发炎)，inspection(视诊)，laceration(裂伤)(原词以—tio结尾)Iimmunity(免疫)，heredity(遗传)，obesity(肥胖)(原词以—itas结尾)'ligament(韧带)，pigment(色素)，medica—ment(药物)(原词以—mentum结尾)等。， 直接来自希腊语的医学词要少些。thorax(胸)，iris(虹膜)，metra(子宫)，colon(结肠)等解剖名称，和stenosis(狭窄)，stasis(停滞)，ptosis(下垂)，ectopia(异位)等表示功能、状态的词就是这方面的例子。
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三
医嘱和处方中的简写在现代医学领域中，应用十分广泛。大家尤其需要注意的是，这些词汇多数不是英文缩写。
以常用的处方简写为例：
bid(原文bis in die)每日二次；
tid(原文ter in die)每日三次；
qid(qualer in die)每日四次；
sig（原文signa, signetur）使用方法；
Rx（原文recipe）是一种处方的符号；
NS【英文normal saline (0.9%)】生理盐水
bid(原文bis in die)每日二次；
tid(原文ter in die)每日三次；
qid(qualer in die)每日四次；
sig（原文signa, signetur）使用方法；
Rx（原文recipe）是一种处方的符号；
NS【英文normal saline (0.9%)】生理盐水
就我个人感觉, 学一点拉丁语至少对英语词汇的理解和记忆有很大帮助, 对语法分析的理解也更加深刻. 其他拉丁语后裔语言(现代罗曼语族), 比如法西意语, 上手学起来就很快, 没有太大的陌生感, 就算不学也能直接识得不少词。
这些简写并非全球通用，部分简写是在美国等地方不允许使用的。第五部分的附表向大家提供了医学中常用缩写词汇的拉文原文、希腊文、英文及可能混淆的意义；欢迎大家批评指正。
四
当然，掌握了这些其实并没有什么直接的卵用，既涨不了工资，也涨不了颜值。但我认为，人生的很多乐趣和广度恰恰来自于这些『无用』的知识。
我们经常谈论自己光辉灿烂的历史，无数的国学讲座也遍地开花。但实际上，在历史上有许多文明毁于天灾人祸，或许有过更为辉煌的成就，但是最完整的保存，最系统的研究，都聚焦希腊和罗马。因为西方文明率先而彻底地转型，几乎成了现代文明在事实意义上的等同；希腊和罗马，相比于没有“子孙”的其他遗存，自然地位非凡。
我们只有在更开阔的天空下，在比较的视野中，才有可能掌握真正反观自身的学问。比如我们思考为什么是希腊罗马，而不是其他文明，最终孕育了冲破诸多不可能而走入工业化、信息化的现代的西方文明？
我们总是抱怨找不到研究的方向，思考的去处，其实眼皮子底下就有很多『灯下黑』的学问值得去学习，难道不是吗？
五 附表
缩写或符号
拉丁文/希腊文
对应英文
可能与之混淆的缩写
a.d.
auris dextra
right ear
A single-storey"a" can be mistaken as an "o" which could read "o.d.", meaning right eye
a.l., a.s.
auris laeva, auris sinistra
left ear
"a" can be mistaken as an "o" which could read "o.s." or "o.l", meaning left eye
a.u.
auris utraque
both ears
"a" can be mistaken as an "o" which could read "o.u.", meaning both eyes
b.i.d., b.d.
bis in die
twice daily
AMA styleavoids use of this abbreviation (spell out "twice a day")
b.t.
bedtime
mistaken for "b.i.d", meaning twice daily
c.c.
cum cibo
with food [or] cubic centimetre
mistaken for "U", meaning units; also has an ambiguous meaning; use "mL" or "milliliters" (1 cm⊃3; = 1 mL)
D, d.
die [or] dosis
days[or] doses
ambiguous meaning, write out "days" or "doses"
DC, dc, D/C, disc
discontinue [or] discharge
ambiguous meaning
DTO
deodorized tincture of opium
can easily be confused with "diluted tincture of opium," which is 1/25th the strength of deodorized tincture of opium; deaths have resulted due to massive morphine overdose.Compare laudanumand paregoric.
h.s.
hora somni (at the hour of sleep)
at bedtime [or] half-strength
ambiguous (2 meanings, easily conflated); spell out
IBW
ideal body weight(for dosing based on clearanceestimation)
IJ, inj.
injectio
injection
mistaken for "IV", meaning intravenously
i.m., IM
intramuscular
IN
intranasal
mistaken for "IM", meaning intramuscular, or "IV", meaning intravenously
IT
intrathecal
mistaken for other abbreviations; spell out
IU
international unit
mistaken for "IV" or "10", spell out "international unit"
i.v., IV
intravenous
i.v.p., IVP
intravenous push
MgSO4
magnesium sulfate
may be confused with "MSO4", spell out "magnesium sulfate"
min.
minimum[or] minim[or] minutum
minimum[or] minim[or] minute
mit., mitt.
mitte
send
mL
millilitre
MS
morphine sulfateor magnesium sulfate
can mean either morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate, spell out either
MSO4
morphine sulfate
may be confused with "MgSO4", spell out "morphine sulfate"
NPO, n.p.o.
nil per os
nothing by mouth
AMA styleavoids use of this abbreviation (spell out "nothing by mouth")
NS
normal saline (0.9%)
1/2NS
half-normal saline (0.45%)
o.d.
oculus dexter
right eye
"o" can be mistaken as an "a" which could read "a.d.", meaning right ear, confusion with "omni die"
o.s.
oculus sinister
left eye
"o" can be mistaken as an "a" which could read "a.s.", meaning left ear
o.u.
oculus uterque
both eyes
"o" can be mistaken as an "a" which could read "a.u.", meaning both ears
p.o.
per os
by mouth or orally
AMA styleavoids use of this abbreviation (spell out "orally")
q
quaque
every, per
q.1 h, q.1°
quaque 1 hora
every 1 hour (can replace "1" with other numbers)
q4PM
at 4 pm (can replace "4" with other numbers)
mistaken to mean every 4 hours
q.a.d.
quaque alternis die
every other day
q.a.m.
quaque die ante meridiem
every morning (every day before noon)
q.d./q.1.d.
quaque die
every day
mistaken for "QOD" or "qds," spell out "every day" or "daily". AMA styleavoids use of this abbreviation (spell out "every day")
q.d.a.m.
quaque die ante meridiem
once daily in the morning
q.d.p.m.
quaque die post meridiem
once daily in the evening
q.d.s.
quater die sumendus
4 times a day
can be mistaken for "qd" (every day)
q.p.m.
quaque die post meridiem
every evening (every day after noon)
q.h.
quaque hora
every hour
q.h.s.
quaque hora somni
every night at bedtime
can be mistaken as "q.h.r." (every hour)
q.i.d.
quater in die
4 times a day
can be mistaken for "qd" or "qod," write out "4 times a day". AMA styleavoids use of this abbreviation (spell out "4 times a day")
q.l.
quantum libet
as much as is requisite
q.n.
quaque nocte
every night
can be mistaken as "q.h." (every hour)
q.o.d.
quaque altera die
every other day
mistaken for "QD," spell out "every other day". AMA styleavoids use of this abbreviation (spell out "every other day")
q.q.
quaque
every;each
q.q.h.
quater quaque hora
every 4 hours
q.s.
quantum sufficiat (subjunctive), quantum sufficit (indicative)
as much as suffices; a sufficient quantity
q.v.
quantum volueris [or] quod vide
at will [or] which see
QWK
every week
rep., rept.
repetatur
repeats
RL, R/L
Ringer's lactate
Rx, Rx, RX,℞
recipe
take (often effectively a noun meaning "preion"—medical preionor preion drug)
rep.
repetatur
let it be repeated
s.
signa
write (write on the label)
s.a.
secundum artem
according to the art (accepted practice or best practice)
SC
subcutaneous
"SC" can be mistaken for "SL," meaning sublingual. See also SQ
sem.
semen
seed
s.i.d.
semel in die
once a day
used exclusively in veterinary medicine
sig.
signa, signetur
write (write on the label)
s
sine
without (usually written with a bar on top of the "s")
sing.
singulorum
of each
SL, s.l.
sub lingua
sublingually, under the tongue
SOB
shortness of breath
sol.
solutio
solution
s.o.s., si op. sit
si opus sit
if there is a need
s.s., SS
semisse
one-half [or] sliding scale
mistaken for "55" or "1/2"
SSI
sliding scale insulinor sliding scale regular insulin
mistaken to mean "strong solutionof iodine" or "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor". See also SSRI
SQ
subcutaneously
"SQ" can be mistaken for "5Q" meaning "5 every dose". See also SC
st.
stet
let it stand (for example, for settling)
stat
statim
immediately
SubQ
subcutaneously
sum.
sumat [or] sumendum
let him take [or] let it be taken
t.d.s., TDS
ter die sumendum
3 times a day
t.i.d., t.d.
ter in die
3 times a day
AMA styleavoids use of this abbreviation (spell out "3 times a day")
tinct.
tinctura
tincture
t.i.w.
3 times a week
mistaken for "twice a week"
U
unit
mistaken for a "4", "0" or "cc", spell out "unit"
μg
microgram
mistaken for "mg", meaning milligram
@
at
mistaken for "2"; spell out "at"
>
greater than
mistaken for a "7"
<
less than
mistaken for an "L"
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